Water H20. Propene H2C=CHCH3. The brilliant light flashed in Marks's mind. He was in one blinding moment exposed to the Truth.
Water consists of only hydrogen and oxygen. Everyone knows that. But these two elements have natural stable and radioactive isotopes. Due to these isotopes, the relative abundances of isotopic water molecules follow the natural DeClerc sequence.Pure water has a unique molecular structure, with O-H bondlengths of 0.096 nm and the H-O-H angle = 104.5°. For carbon, the numbers of valence electrons increase from 4 to 8. These elements require 4, 3, 2, 1, and OH atoms to share electrons in order to complete the octet requirement. Such an ideal structure should give H-O-H bond angle of 109.5°, but the lone pairs repel each other more than they repel the O-H bonds. In isotopic water, the O-H bonds are pushed closer, making the H-O-H angle less than 109°. For each hydrogen bond, shown by a rod joining the oxygen atoms, lies one proton in an asymmetric position Bond lengths, 275 pm, are indicated.
HOH(l) + HOH(l) = H3O+ + OH-
This is an equilibrium process and is characterised by an equilibrium constant,
K'w: = [H3O+] [OH-]
pKw = -log Kw DG (water) = - n
F E = -237.13 kJ
This opens the door to the creation of C-H bonds.Petroleum products are mainly compounds of only two elements: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), thus called hydrocarbons. Liquid hydrocrabons are generally those with 4 – 20 carbon atoms. The carbon atom has four bonds that can unite with either one or more other carbon atoms (a property almost unique to carbon) or with atoms of other elements. A hydrogen atom has only one bond and can never unite with more than one other atom. As the molecular structure becomes characterized by denser carbon atoms complex "stacking" occurs on the carbon skeleton.Carbon is present in most organic matter. At temperatures above 230 C, when isotopic water (superheated steam at this temperature) is present with organic carbon, the heavier alkanes dearrange through catalytic cracking, and H-C bonds begin to form. The reactions occurring in this process are complex. Most, but not all, convert the organic carbon to simple and subsequently more complex hydrocarbons with loss of hydrogen gas. Among them are:
18XOC + H2O HC=CH + 6H2 + 6O2
HC=CH + 6H2 + 6H2O HC=CH + 3H2 + 6O2
2CH4 HC=CH + 6H2,
2CH4 HC=CH + 6H2,
2CH4 HC=CH + 6H2,
C2H6 H2C=CH2 + H2.
C3H8(g) H2C=CH2 + CH4,
C3H8(g) H2C=CHCH3 + H2.
Propene.
Friday, April 25, 2008
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